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"Sharization" or "Islamisation" was the "primary" policy, or "centerpiece" of the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the ruler of Pakistan from 1977 until his death in 1988. Zia has also been called "the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam". Pakistan had been founded as a separate Muslim-majority state for India. Zia committing himself to enforcing his interpretation of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' ("Rule of the prophet" Muhammad), i.e. establish an Islamic state and ''sharia'' law. Zia established separate "Shariat" courts and court benches〔 to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine. New criminal offenses (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments. ''Zakat'' charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material.〔 Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space.〔 Zia bolstered the influence of the ''ulama'' (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties, conservative scholars became fixtures on television.〔 10,000s of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing.〔〔 Conservative ''ulama'' (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.〔 In 1984 a referendum gave Zia and the Islamization program, 97.7% approval in official results. However, there have been protests against the laws and their enforcement during and after Zia's reign. Women's and human rights groups opposed incarceration of rape victims under ''hadd'' punishments, new laws that valued women's testimony (Law of Evidence) and blood money compensation (''diyat'') at half that of a man. Religious minorities and human rights groups opposed the "vaguely worded" Blasphemy Law and the "malicious abuse and arbitrary enforcement" of it.〔 Possible motivations for the Islamisation programme included Zia's personal piety, desire to gain political allies, to "fulfill Pakistan's ''raison d'etre''" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his "repressive, un-representative martial law regime".〔 How much success Zia had strengthening Pakistan's national cohesion with state-sponsored Islamisation is disputed. Shia-Sunni religious riots broke out over differences in Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'') -- in particular, over how ''Zakat'' donations would be distributed. There were also differences among Sunni Muslims. ==Background and history== Pakistan had been founded as a separate Muslim-majority nation-state for the Muslims of the British Raj, but its legal code was inherited from the British, and was secular, not based on Islamic law (sharia). Islamic activists advocating for Islamisation have been active throughout the country's post-independence history, but general enthusiasm has waxed and waned, "only lip service" being paid to the issue at times.〔Asi, Anwar, "Towards Islamic banking system", 2002 (dead link)〕 Several events in Pakistan and the Muslim World strengthened Islamic revivalism prior to and after the 5 July 1977 coup that installed Zia to power. The "1973 Arab oil Embargo" quadrupled the price of petroleum, enhancing the international prestige and vastly increasing the export revenues of the largest exporter -- Saudi Arabia. Saudi began to spend billions of its new wealth propagating its conservative, puritanical doctrine of Islamic revival known as Wahhabism in poor Muslim countries such as Pakistan. In the year or two before the coup, Zia's predecessor, leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced vigorous opposition united under the revivalist banner of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' ("Rule of the prophet"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on ''sharia'' law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when the Islamic prophet Muhammad ruled the Muslims. In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.〔〔 Less than two years after the coup, Pakistan's Shia neighbor, Iran, saw a very unexpected Islamic revolution, overthrow its well-financed pro-Western, secular monarchy. Although a rival in doctrine and geopolitics to the Saudi kingdom, the new Islamic Republic of Iran also believed in the necessity of Islamic ''sharia'' law for Islam to survive and prosper, and the need to spread this doctrine to other Muslim states. On coming to power, Zia went much further than Bhutto, committing himself to enforcing ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'', i.e. ''sharia'' law In his first televised speech to the country as head of state he declared that Pakistan which was created in the name of Islam will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of () Islamic system as an essential prerequisite for the country. While in the past, "many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam," he would not.〔〔speech given On 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the Hijra〕 Unlike in Iran, Islamisation in Pakistan was politically conservative, working against, not with leftist forces and ideas. Zia had little sympathy with Bhutto or his populist, socialist philosophy—captured in the slogan, "''Food, clothing, and shelter''". General Zia explained in an interview in 1979 given to British journalist Ian Stephens: While Zia initiated the Islamisation programme, he came under attack from conservative Sunni forces who considered his process too slow. He distanced himself from some of the ulama in 1980, and in 1983 religious opponents spread the rumour that Zia was an Ahmadi. Zia was "forced to deny this allegation publicly and denounce the Ahmadis as ''kafirs'' (infidels)". In 1984 a referendum was held on Zia, the Islamization program, and giving him a five-year presidential term. Official results reported 97.7 in favor and voter participation of 60%. Independent observers questioned whether 30% of eligible voters had voted. Opposition to state-sponsored Islamisation or aspects of it came from several quarters. Religious riots broke out in 1983 and 1984.〔 Sectarian divisions between Sunnis and Shia worsened over the issue of the 1979 ''Zakat'' ordinance, but differences in ''fiqh'' jurisprudence also arose in marriage and divorce, inheritance and wills and imposition of hadd punishments. Among Sunni Muslims, there were disputes between Deobandis and Barelvis. Zia favored Deobandi doctrine and the Sufi pirs of Sindh (who were Barelvi) joined the anti-Zia Movement for the Restoration of Democracy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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